Genetic mapping of powdery mildew resistance genes in soybean by high-throughput genome-wide sequencing.

KEY MESSAGE: The Mendelian locus conferring resistance to powdery mildew in soybean was precisely mapped using a combination of phenotypic screening, genetic analyses, and high-throughput genome-wide sequencing. Powdery mildew (PMD), caused by the fungus Microsphaera diffusa Cooke & Peck, leads to considerable yield losses in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under favourable environmental conditions and can be controlled by identifying germplasm resources with resistance genes. In this study, resistance to M. diffusa among resistant varieties B3, Fudou234, and B13 is mapped as a single Mendelian locus using three mapping populations derived from crossing susceptible with resistant cultivars. The position of the PMD resistance locus in B3 is located between simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers GMES6959 and Satt_393 on chromosome 16, at genetic distances of 7.1 cM and 4.6 cM, respectively. To more finely map the PMD resistance gene, a high-density genetic map was constructed using 248 F8 recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross of Guizao1 × B13. The final map includes 3748 bins and is 3031.9 cM in length, with an average distance of 0.81 cM between adjacent markers. This genotypic analysis resulted in the precise delineation of the B13 PMD resistance locus to a 188.06-kb genomic region on chromosome 16 that harbours 28 genes, including 17 disease resistance (R)-like genes in the reference Williams 82 genome. Quantitative real-time PCR assays of possible candidate genes revealed differences in the expression levels of 9 R-like genes between the resistant and susceptible parents. These results provide useful information for marker-assisted breeding and gene cloning for PMD resistance.

Effect of Selenium-containing Biocomposites from Medicinal Mushrooms on the Potato Ring Rot Causative Agent.

The impact of selenium biocomposites obtained from the medicinal macrobasidiomycetes Ganoderma lucidum, Grifola umbellata, Laetiporus sulphureus, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus on the viability and biofilm formation capability of the phytopathogenic Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. sepedonicus (Spieck. et Kotth.) (Cms) was studied. Impairment of bacterial cell viability resulting from their incubation with biocomposites was shown. The decisive role of the composites' selenium component on the biological activity under question was established. The dependence of antimicrobial effect of the selenium-containing specimen on the mushroom systematic position was revealed. The maximal activity was found for the biocomposites based on the extracellular metabolites of L. edodes and G. lucidum. When the biopolymer specimen of fungal origin was added to bacterial suspension, the Cms capability of forming biofilms was found to be distinctly dependent of the biocomposite type, and it was substantially reduced in a number of cases.

Otitis externa por Turicella otitidis: a propósito de dos casos / No disponible

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Genomic Analysis of Clavibacter michiganensis Reveals Insight Into Virulence Strategies and Genetic Diversity of a Gram-Positive Bacterial Pathogen.

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a gram-positive bacterial pathogen that proliferates in the xylem vessels of tomato, causing bacterial canker disease. In this study, we sequenced and assembled genomes of 11 C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains isolated from infected tomato fields in California as well as five Clavibacter strains that colonize tomato endophytically but are not pathogenic in this host. The analysis of the C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis genomes supported the monophyletic nature of this pathogen but revealed genetic diversity among strains, consistent with multiple introduction events. Two tomato endophytes that clustered phylogenetically with C. michiganensis strains capable of infecting wheat and pepper and were also able to cause disease in these plants. Plasmid profiles of the California strains were variable and supported the essential role of the pCM1-like plasmid and the CelA cellulase in virulence, whereas the absence of the pCM2-like plasmid in some pathogenic C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains revealed it is not essential. A large number of secreted C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis proteins were carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). Glycome profiling revealed that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis but not endophytic Clavibacter strains is able to extensively alter tomato cell-wall composition. Two secreted CAZymes found in all C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains, CelA and PelA1, enhanced pathogenicity on tomato. Collectively, these results provide a deeper understanding of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis diversity and virulence strategies.

Differential interactions between Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens and common bean.

Bacterial wilt of common bean caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens is an important disease in terms of economic importance. It reduces grain yield by colonizing xylem vessels, subsequently impeding the translocation of water and nutrients to the superior plant parts. The existence of physiological races in C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens has not so far been reported. The objective of the present investigation was to identify physiological races, evaluate differential interaction, and select resistant genotypes of common bean. Initially, 30 genotypes of common bean were inoculated with eight isolates exhibiting different levels of aggressiveness, under controlled greenhouse conditions. Disease was assessed 15 days after inoculation. The existence of differential interactions between C. flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens isolates and common bean genotypes were identified by utilizing partial diallel analysis. The most aggressive isolates were BRM 14939 and BRM 14942 and the least aggressive isolates were BRM 14941 and BRM 14946. The genotypes IPA 9, Ouro Branco, and Michelite were selected as more resistant among the test isolates. The genotypes IAC Carioca Akytã, BRS Notável, Pérola, IAC Carioca Aruã, and Coquinho contributed more to the isolate x genotype interaction according to the ecovalence method of estimation, and were, therefore, indicated as differentials. Based on these results, it was possible to conclude that physiological races of the pathogen exist, to select resistant genotypes, and to propose a set of differentials.

[The methods of identification of Corynebacterium non diphtheria].

The proper identification of Corynebacterium non diphtheriae is complicated by their wide species variety, variable biochemical activity, large spectrum of diseases at which they are isolated and also by their presence in normal human micro-flora. The bacteriological method is a traditional basis for identification of corynebacteria though long (7-14 days), produces ambiguous results at cultivation of lipophilic and biochemically variable species. For final identification of nondescript species of Corynebacterium non diphtheriae it is recommended to carry out molecular genetic study using golden standard - sequencing on 16S pRNA (DNA), genes rpoB and PLD.In case of receiving of ambiguous responses of sequencing on 16S pRNA precise identification is achieved by sequencing of secondary gene rpoB that permits discovering unique differences in sequences of genomes in different species of corynebacteria (presence of genes of virulence; absence of cluster of genes responsible for production of number of saccharolytic enzymes; presence of genes coding synthesis of particular pigments, etc.). The mass-spectrometric analysis (MALDI-ToF-MS) applied for screening identification of Corynebacterium, is simple in implementation, though requires further development for more accurate differentiation of closely-related species. The poly-phase approach to identification of Corynebacterium non diphtheriae is needed which is to include chemotaxonomic, phenotypic, genotypic information required for reliable description of new clinically significant species of corynebacteria.

Effects of intrauterine infusion of Trueperella pyogenes on endometrial mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines and luteolytic cascade genes and their association with luteal life span in dairy cows.

Objectives were to determine the effects of intrauterine infusion (IUI) of Trueperella pyogenes on endometrial expression of proinflammatory cytokines and luteal life span. Holstein cows (n = 32) were allocated randomly, in two replicates (15 then 17 cows), to receive one of three treatments on Day 5 of the estrous cycle: TP (n = 13), IUI containing 10(9) colony-forming units/mL of T. pyogenes; tumor necrosis factor (TNF; n = 9), IUI containing 1 µg of TNFα; and control (n = 10), IUI of saline solution. Five cows per treatment had uterine biopsies collected at 6, 12, and 24 hours after treatment to evaluate the endometrial messenger RNA expression of TNFα (TNF), interleukin-1ß (IL1B), IL6, IL8, prostaglandin E synthase (PGES), prostaglandin F synthase (PGFS), and oxytocin receptor (OXR), and histologic evidence of inflammation. Messenger RNA expression was measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The remaining cows had ovaries scanned and blood collected for progesterone evaluation; however, only seven, four, and three cows in the TP, TNF, and control groups were used for comparison in replicate 2. The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was used for statistical analysis. All TP and TNF cows had moderate to severe endometrial inflammation, whereas only one control had mild inflammation. Premature luteolysis occurred in three, one, and zero cows in the TP, TNF and control groups, respectively. Delayed luteolysis occurred in one TP and one TNF cow. Interleukin-1ß expression was greater in the TP cows than in the TNF cows at 24 hours after IUI. Moreover, IL6 expression tended to be greater for the TP cows than for the control cows at 12 hours after IUI. Interleukin 8 expression was greater in the TP cows than in the control and TNF cows at 24 hours after IUI. Oxytocin receptor expression tended to be greater for the TP cows and was greater for the TNF cows than for the control cows at 12 hours. The messenger RNA expressions of TNF, PGES, and PGFS were not affected by treatment, time, or their interaction. In conclusion, IUI of T. pyogenes or TNFα led to histologic evidence of inflammation and early luteolysis in some cows, which may have been caused by increased endometrial expression of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL1B, IL6), chemokines (i.e., IL8), and luteolytic cascade factors (i.e., OXR).

Early canine plaque biofilms: characterization of key bacterial interactions involved in initial colonization of enamel.

Periodontal disease (PD) is a significant problem in dogs affecting between 44% and 63.6% of the population. The main etiological agent for PD is plaque, a microbial biofilm that colonizes teeth and causes inflammation of the gingiva. Understanding how this biofilm initiates on the tooth surface is of central importance in developing interventions against PD. Although the stages of plaque development on human teeth have been well characterized little is known about how canine plaque develops. Recent studies of the canine oral microbiome have revealed distinct differences between the canine and human oral environments and the bacterial communities they support, particularly with respect to healthy plaque. These differences mean knowledge about the nature of plaque formation in humans may not be directly translatable to dogs. The aim of this study was to identify the bacterial species important in the early stages of canine plaque formation in vivo and then use isolates of these species in a laboratory biofilm model to develop an understanding of the sequential processes which take place during the initial colonization of enamel. Supra-gingival plaque samples were collected from 12 dogs at 24 and 48 hour time points following a full mouth descale and polish. Pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA identified 134 operational taxonomic units after statistical analysis. The species with the highest relative abundance were Bergeyella zoohelcum, Neisseria shayeganii and a Moraxella species. Streptococcal species, which tend to dominate early human plaque biofilms, had very low relative abundance. In vitro testing of biofilm formation identified five primary colonizer species, three of which belonged to the genus Neisseria. Using these pioneer bacteria as a starting point, viable two and three species communities were developed. Combining in vivo and in vitro data has led us to construct novel models of how the early canine plaque biofilm develops.

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Vatr1 and Vatr2 transcriptional regulators are required for virulence in tomato.

The plant pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a gram-positive bacterium responsible for wilt and canker disease of tomato. Although disease development is well characterized and diagnosed, molecular mechanisms of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis virulence are poorly understood. Here, we identified and characterized two C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis transcriptional regulators, Vatr1 and Vatr2, that are involved in pathogenicity of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Vatr1 and Vatr2 belong to TetR and MocR families of transcriptional regulators, respectively. Mutations in their corresponding genes caused attenuated virulence, with the Δvatr2 mutant showing a more dramatic effect than Δvatr1. Although both mutants grew well in vitro and reached a high titer in planta, they caused reduced wilting and canker development in infected plants compared with the wild-type bacterium. They also led to a reduced expression of the ethylene-synthesizing tomato enzyme ACC-oxidase compared with wild-type C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and to reduced ethylene production in the plant. Transcriptomic analysis of wild-type C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis and the two mutants under infection-mimicking conditions revealed that Vatr1 and Vatr2 regulate expression of virulence factors, membrane and secreted proteins, and signal-transducing proteins. A 70% overlap between the sets of genes positively regulated by Vatr1 and Vatr2 suggests that these transcriptional regulators are on the same molecular pathway responsible for C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis virulence.

Isolation of Kurthia gibsonii from non-gonorrheal urethritis: implications for the pathomechanism upon surveying the literature.

The incidence and number of species involved in the spectrum of sexually transmitted infections continue to increase. Laboratories have to be prepared for identification of unusual microbes. In our practice, a male patient had recurring urethritis and balanitis after having repeated unprotected insertive sexual intercourse with female piglets. He also had allergy to scents and some metals, otherwise he showed no general symptoms. Specimens were swabbed from the urethra, inflamed glans, rectum, mouth onto several culture media, subsequently isolates were tested for their morphology, biochemical activity. Kurthia gibsonii was isolated from urethra and glans. No concomitant infection with other microbes was detected, haemoculture was negative. Relying upon antibiotic sensitivity test, he was cured with 2 × 500 mg oral cefuroxime for 15 days, and topical gentamycin cream for 2 months. This is the first reported sexually transmitted, zoonotic infection without generalization by Kurthia spp. We report first the antibiogram of K. gibsonii. Slight differences in the antibiotic sensitivity suggest independent infection and sensitivity of urethral and mucous membrane tissues to distinct K. gibsonii strains. Allergy of the patient might predispose to opportunistic infection. Such aspects ought to be tested in details in further cases.

Actinomicosis primaria de pared abdominal simuladora de sarcoma de partes blandas / Primary abdominal wall actinomycosis sarcoma simulator

La actinomicosis es una patología poco frecuente y su manifestación en la pared abdominal es más infrecuente aún. Está causada por Actinomyces israeli, una bacteria filamentosa, anaerobia estricta, gram positiva, que es comensal en el organismo y que en su forma patógena produce fibrosis, tejido de granulación y abscesos. La forma más frecuente es la cérvico-facial. Presentamos un caso de actinomicosis de pared abdominal diagnosticado postoperatoriamente, con sospecha prequirúrgica de proceso tumoral, por lo que queremos hacer especial mención acerca de la importancia del diagnóstico diferencial de actinomicetoma ante la presencia de una masa abdominal (AU)

Actinomycosis is an uncommon disease, and abdominal wall actinomycosis is rare. It is caused by Actinomyces israeli, a filamentous, gram-positive, anaerobic bacteria that lives in our organism and when the infection progresses, granulomatous tissue, extensive reactive fibrosis and necrosis, abscesses are formed. Infection involving the cervicofacial area is most common. We report a case of abdominal wall actinomycosis diagnosed postoperativerly with preoperative suspected tumor process, so we want to make special mention in the differential diagnosis of actinomycetoma with an abdominal mass (AU)

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli subsp. nov., pathogenic in bean.

A yellow Gram-reaction-positive bacterium isolated from bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) was identified as Clavibacter michiganensis by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Molecular methods were employed in order to identify the subspecies. Such methods included the amplification of specific sequences by PCR, 16S amplified rDNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), RFLP and multilocus sequence analysis as well as the analysis of biochemical and phenotypic traits including API 50CH and API ZYM results. The results showed that strain LPPA 982T did not represent any known subspecies of C. michiganensis. Pathogenicity tests revealed that the strain is a bean pathogen causing a newly identified bacterial disease that we name bacterial bean leaf yellowing. On the basis of these results, strain LPPA 982T is regarded as representing a novel subspecies for which the name Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. phaseoli subsp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is LPPA 982T (=CECT 8144T=LMG 27667T).

Tomato fruit and seed colonization by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis through external and internal routes.

The Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, causal agent of bacterial wilt and canker of tomato, is an economically devastating pathogen that inflicts considerable damage throughout all major tomato-producing regions. Annual outbreaks continue to occur in New York, where C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis spreads via infected transplants, trellising stakes, tools, and/or soil. Globally, new outbreaks can be accompanied by the introduction of contaminated seed stock; however, the route of seed infection, especially the role of fruit lesions, remains undefined. In order to investigate the modes of seed infection, New York C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis field strains were stably transformed with a gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP). A constitutively eGFP-expressing virulent C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis isolate, GCMM-22, was used to demonstrate that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis could not only access seeds systemically through the xylem but also externally through tomato fruit lesions, which harbored high intra- and intercellular populations. Active movement and expansion of bacteria into the fruit mesocarp and nearby xylem vessels followed, once the fruits began to ripen. These results highlight the ability of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis to invade tomato fruits and seeds through multiple entry routes.

Identification and virulence of Aeromonas dhakensis, Pseudomonas mosselii and Microbacterium paraoxydans isolated from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, cultivated in Mexico.

AIMS: To identify bacterial pathogens of diseased NiIe tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and determine their virulence. METHODS AND RESULTS: Sixteen bacterial isolates were recovered from diseased Nile tilapias (O. niloticus) reared in floating cages in Adolfo Lopez Mateos (ALM), Sanalona and Dique IV dams in Sinaloa, Mexico, from February to May 2009. The bacterial isolates were identified by phenotypic and molecular (rep-PCR and 16S rRNA sequencing) methods and were mostly isolated from the kidneys and the brain of tilapias. Bacterial cells and extracellular products (ECPs) of strains were characterized and used in experimental infections with sole Solea vulgaris and Mozambican tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus. The fish challenged with Aeromonas dhakensis sp. nov. comb nov, Pseudomonas mosselii and Microbacterium paraoxydans (3·1 × 10(6)  CFU g(-) 1) exhibited mortality between 40 and 100% starting at 6 h postinoculation. The ECPs displayed gelatinase, haemolytic and cytotoxic activity, causing the total destruction of the HeLa cell lines. CONCLUSIONS: Aeromonas dhakensis and Ps. mosselii were virulent to O. mossambicus, whereas Mic. paraoxydans displayed virulence to S. vulgaris. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This the first time that Aeromonas dhakensis and Ps. mosselii are reported as pathogens to tilapia and Mic. paraoxydans was isolated from fish; then, these fish pathogens could be a threat to farmed Nile tilapia in Mexico.

Differential immune responses to Segniliparus rotundus and Segniliparus rugosus infection and analysis of their comparative virulence profiles.

Two closely related bacterial species, Segniliparus rotundus and Segniliparus rugosus, have emerged as important human pathogens, but little is known about the immune responses they elicit or their comparative pathophysiologies. To determine the virulence and immune responses of the two species, we compared their abilities to grow in phagocytic and non-phagocytic cells. Both species maintained non-replicating states within A549 epithelial cells. S. rugosus persisted longer and multiplied more rapidly inside murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), induced more pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induced higher levels of macrophage necrosis. Activation of BMDMs by both species was mediated by toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), followed by mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling pathways, indicating a critical role for TLR2 in Segniliparus-induced macrophage activation. S. rugosus triggered faster and stronger activation of MAPK signaling and IκB degradation, indicating that S. rugosus induces more pro-inflammatory cytokines than S. rotundus. Multifocal granulomatous inflammations in the liver and lung were observed in mice infected with S. rugosus, but S. rotundus was rapidly cleared from all organs tested within 15 days post-infection. Furthermore, S. rugosus induced faster infiltration of innate immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages to the lung than S. rotundus. Our results suggest that S. rugosus is more virulent and induces a stronger immune response than S. rotundus.

Association between Pseudonocardia symbionts and Atta leaf-cutting ants suggested by improved isolation methods

Fungus-growing ants associate with multiple symbiotic microbes, including Actinobacteria for production of antibiotics. The best studied of these bacteria are within the genus Pseudonocardia, which in most fungus-growing ants are conspicuously visible on the external cuticle of workers. However, given that fungus-growing ants in the genus Atta do not carry visible Actinobacteria on their cuticle, it is unclear if this genus engages in the symbiosis with Pseudonocardia. Here we explore whether improving culturing techniques can allow for successful isolation of Pseudonocardia from Atta cephalotes leaf-cutting ants. We obtained Pseudonocardia from 9 of 11 isolation method/colony component combinations from all 5 colonies intensively sampled. The most efficient technique was bead-beating workers in phosphate buffer solution, then plating the suspension on carboxymethylcellulose medium. Placing these strains in a fungus-growing ant-associated Pseudonocardia phylogeny revealed that while some strains grouped with clades of Pseudonocardia associated with other genera of fungus-growing ants, a large portion of the isolates fell into two novel phylogenetic clades previously not identified from this ant-microbe symbiosis. Our findings suggest that Pseudonocardia may be associated with Atta fungus-growing ants, potentially internalized, and that localizing the symbiont and exploring its role is necessary to shed further light on the association (AU)

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[Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens is the agent of bacterial disease of soybean].

A new phytopathogen has been identified and investigated as a result of ecosystem monitoring of bacterial soybean diseases in Ukraine which is identified as Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens according to its phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The pathogen is highly aggressive to soybean and can potentially be a threat of infection to other legumes.

Phylogenetic analysis and polyphasic characterization of Clavibacter michiganensis strains isolated from tomato seeds reveal that nonpathogenic strains are distinct from C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis.

The genus Clavibacter comprises one species and five subspecies of plant-pathogenic bacteria, four of which are classified as quarantine organisms due to the high economic threat they pose. Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is one of the most important pathogens of tomato, but the recommended diagnostic tools are not satisfactory due to false-negative and/or -positive results. To provide a robust analysis of the genetic relatedness among a worldwide collection of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis strains, relatives (strains from the four other C. michiganensis subspecies), and nonpathogenic Clavibacter-like strains isolated from tomato, we performed multilocus sequence-based analysis and typing (MLSA and MLST) based on six housekeeping genes (atpD, dnaK, gyrB, ppK, recA, and rpoB). We compared this "framework" with phenotypic and genotypic characteristics such as pathogenicity on tomato, reaction to two antisera by immunofluorescence and to five PCR identification tests, and the presence of four genes encoding the main C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis pathogenicity determinants. We showed that C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is monophyletic and is distinct from its closest taxonomic neighbors. The nonpathogenic Clavibacter-like strains were identified as C. michiganensis using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. These strains, while cross-reacting with C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis identification tools, are phylogenetically distinct from the pathogenic strains but belong to the C. michiganensis clade. C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis clonal complexes linked strains from highly diverse geographical origins and also strains isolated over long periods of time in the same location. This illustrates the importance of seed transmission in the worldwide dispersion of this pathogen and its survival and adaptation abilities in a new environment once introduced.

Tuberculosis-like pneumonias by the aerobic actinomycetes Rhodococcus, Tsukamurella and Gordonia.

The order Actinomycetales includes phylogenetically diverse but morphologically similar aerobic and anaerobic organisms, exhibiting filamentous branching structures which fragment into rods or coccoid forms. Lung pathogens of the order comprise Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Corynebacterium, Actinomyces, Kytococcus, Rothia, Williamsia, as well as Gordonia, Tsukamurella and Rhodococcus. Particularly, members of the last three genera are uncommon aerobic agents of lung cavitations and tuberculosis(TB)-like syndromes, that should be carefully considered in the aetiology of parenchymal lesions. Correct identification of such organisms is hard to obtain, but is crucial to provide patients with adequate diagnose and treatment. Then, this review aims to unearth their airway tropism, as well as their clinical impact as agents of lung disease.

The Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis-tomato interactome reveals the perception of pathogen by the host and suggests mechanisms of infection.

The Gram-positive bacterium Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm) causes wilt and canker disease of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Mechanisms of Cmm pathogenicity and tomato response to Cmm infection are not well understood. To explore the interaction between Cmm and tomato, multidimensional protein identification technology (MudPIT) and tandem mass spectrometry were used to analyze in vitro and in planta generated samples. The results show that during infection Cmm senses the plant environment, transmits signals, induces, and then secretes multiple hydrolytic enzymes, including serine proteases of the Pat-1, Ppa, and Sbt familes, the CelA, XysA, and NagA glycosyl hydrolases, and other cell wall-degrading enzymes. Tomato induction of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, LOX1, and other defense-related proteins during infection indicates that the plant senses the invading bacterium and mounts a basal defense response, although partial with some suppressed components including class III peroxidases and a secreted serine peptidase. The tomato ethylene-synthesizing enzyme ACC-oxidase was induced during infection with the wild-type Cmm but not during infection with an endophytic Cmm strain, identifying Cmm-triggered host synthesis of ethylene as an important factor in disease symptom development. The proteomic data were also used to improve Cmm genome annotation, and thousands of Cmm gene models were confirmed or expanded.